Analgesics are a class of medicines commonly known as pain relievers. They are used to reduce or eliminate pain without causing loss of consciousness. Analgesics can be divided into several main categories based on their composition and action:

1. Non-Opioid Analgesics

   • Examples: Paracetamol (acetaminophen), Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Diclofenac.

   • They are usually used for mild to moderate pain, such as headaches, muscle aches, arthritis, and fever.

   • Many also have anti-inflammatory and antipyretic (fever-reducing) properties.

2. Opioid Analgesics

   • Examples: Morphine, Codeine, Tramadol, Fentanyl.

   • These are powerful painkillers used for moderate to severe pain, such as post-surgical pain, cancer-related pain, or chronic severe conditions.

   • They act on opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord to block pain signals.

3. Adjuvant Analgesics

   • Examples: Certain antidepressants (amitriptyline), anticonvulsants (gabapentin, pregabalin), corticosteroids.

   • These are not primarily painkillers but can help manage specific types of pain, such as nerve pain or pain linked with inflammation.

Key Points about Analgesics:

• They are widely used in medical practice for both short-term and long-term pain management.

• Dosage and choice of analgesic depend on the type, severity, and cause of pain.

• Overuse or misuse, especially of opioids, can lead to tolerance, dependence, or addiction.

• Some non-opioid analgesics may irritate the stomach lining, affect the liver or kidneys if taken in excess.