Dextrose Injection (5%, 10%, 25%)

• Type: Intravenous (IV) fluid and energy source

• Component: Dextrose (a simple sugar, chemically identical to glucose) dissolved in sterile water

• Concentrations:

  • 5% Dextrose (D5W): Mildly hypertonic (but acts isotonic in body)

  • 10% Dextrose (D10W): Hypertonic

  • 25% Dextrose (D25W): Strongly hypertonic

How It Works

• Provides glucose, the main source of energy for cells.

• Restores or maintains blood sugar levels when oral intake is not possible.

• Acts as a hydrating solution (D5W especially).

• In higher concentrations, can quickly raise blood sugar and provide calories.

Common Uses

5% Dextrose (D5W):

• Hydration when electrolyte balance is normal

• Dilution of IV medications

• Maintenance fluid in fasting patients

10% Dextrose (D10W):

• Treatment of mild to moderate hypoglycemia when oral glucose is not possible

• Provides calories for patients requiring parenteral nutrition

25% Dextrose (D25W):

• Emergency treatment of severe hypoglycemia (especially in unconscious patients)

• Provides rapid energy source in critical care situations

Advantages

• Quickly corrects low blood sugar levels

• Provides fluid and calories simultaneously

• D5W can be used safely for routine IV hydration

• D10W and D25W are highly effective for hypoglycemia emergencies

Possible Side Effects

• Vein irritation or phlebitis (especially with higher concentrations)

• Fluid overload if infused too quickly (risk of swelling, pulmonary edema)

• Electrolyte imbalance (can dilute sodium – risk of hyponatremia)

• Rapid infusion of D25W can cause vein pain or tissue damage if leakage occurs

• Hyperglycemia if given excessively

Precautions

• Use cautiously in diabetic patients – monitor blood glucose levels

• Infuse D10W and D25W slowly through a large vein to avoid vein damage

• Monitor electrolytes regularly, especially sodium and potassium

• Avoid excessive administration in patients with heart failure, kidney failure, or brain swelling