Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used mainly for short-term management of moderate to severe acute pain. It is not an opioid but provides analgesic effects strong enough to substitute for opioids in certain situations.

Here are the key points:

1. Composition and Form:

• Active ingredient: Ketorolac tromethamine.

• Supplied as a clear, sterile solution in ampoules or vials.

• Available for intramuscular (IM) or intravenous (IV) administration.

2. Mechanism of Action:

• Potent inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) enzymes.

• Reduces prostaglandin synthesis, leading to analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects.

• Provides pain relief without sedative or addictive properties.

3. Indications:

• Short-term treatment (usually up to 5 days) of moderate to severe acute pain, especially postoperative pain.

• Sometimes used in emergency or hospital settings for renal colic, musculoskeletal pain, or trauma-related pain.

4. Administration:

• Given IM or IV, depending on clinical need.

• Onset of action is rapid (within ~30 minutes) with peak effect in 1–2 hours.

• Duration of analgesia is around 4–6 hours.

5. Side Effects:

• Gastrointestinal irritation: nausea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, diarrhea.

• Risk of peptic ulcers, GI bleeding, or perforation with prolonged use.

• Headache, dizziness, drowsiness.

• Renal impairment (reduced urine output, elevated creatinine).

• Rare: hypersensitivity reactions, bronchospasm, anaphylaxis.

• Prolonged bleeding time due to platelet function inhibition.

6. Contraindications:

• Active peptic ulcer disease or history of GI bleeding.

• Severe renal impairment or risk of kidney failure.

• History of asthma, urticaria, or allergic-type reactions to NSAIDs or aspirin.

• Patients with bleeding disorders or those undergoing major surgery with high bleeding risk.

• Not for use in labor/delivery (may affect fetal circulation).

7. Precautions:

• Use only for short-term therapy (maximum 5 days).

• Elderly patients and those with cardiovascular risks need careful monitoring.

• Avoid concomitant use with other NSAIDs, anticoagulants, or nephrotoxic drugs.

• Transition to oral formulations can be done if continued therapy is needed.

8. Storage:

• Keep in a cool, dry place, away from direct light.

• Use aseptically; once opened, the vial should be used promptly.